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2026-01-11 20:30:34
Suwako
low-level
c
c++

【C・C++】Overview of C23 and C++23

More than a year has already passed since C23 was released.
However, even now most compilers still default to C99 (except for GCC 15 and later), and since changes to the C standard are very small in scale compared to C++, C23 has largely passed by without attracting much attention.
On the other hand, every new C++ version tends to generate huge discussion, with C++11 and C++17 often called "the best versions" and C++20 frequently labeled "the worst version", attracting the most attention.
But when you look closely at the standard documents, you'll find that C23 actually includes many very attractive "C++-like" features, giving the strong impression that C23 has become quite a lightweight version of C++!

While C++23 has its own unique evolution, here I would like to focus mainly on the changes in C23 and consider what kind of impact they might have on future language choices.

C++ Still Reigns Supreme in Game Development

In game development, C++ maintains overwhelming dominance.
There are solid reasons for this.
Despite its notorious reputation as "the most bloated language in the world", in reality it is extremely fast and doesn't get in the way of development as much as Rust or Zig.
Also, the old image of being "unsafe" has gradually been improving since C++11.

If the evolution of C23 continues at this pace, it's possible that over the next 10 years or so, C could become much more widely used in the game industry as an alternative to C++.
It would be a very attractive position as "a C++ alternative that doesn't bloat".

C Still Reigns Supreme in Embedded Systems

In extremely resource-constrained embedded hardware, the true strength of C is most clearly demonstrated.
While the changes in C23 are convenient, adding too many features at once might actually hinder adoption, and embedded developers may prefer to stick with C99 or C11.

Main New Features of C23

The biggest update since C99.
Emphasis is placed on modernizing the language, improving safety, borrowing good ideas from C++, and enhancing practical usability.
It doesn't fundamentally change the basic philosophy of C, but many convenient tools have been added to improve expressiveness, type safety, and portability.

Feature name Description Example
nullptr Safe null pointer literal (replacement for NULL). Prevents implicit conversion to int int *p = nullptr;
true/false true/false become keywords bool isInit = false;
auto Type deduction for variable declarations (not allowed for function parameters/return types) auto foo = 76;
typeof Standardized type-of operator typeof(76) y = 100;
Binary literals 0b prefix for binary notation int bin = 0b1010;
Digit separators For improved readability int oku = 1'000'000'000;
_BitInt(N) Integers with arbitrary exact bit width _BitInt(128) big = 1;
Attributes C++-style attribute syntax [[noreturn]], [[deprecated]], etc. [[noreturn]] void f(int i);
＿＿has＿include & ＿＿has＿c＿attribute Check for existence of headers/attributes #if ＿＿has＿include(<stdio.h>)
constexpr Usable for constant expressions constexpr int max = 9000;
VLA with static size Mandatory support int arr[const N]
unreachable() Tells compiler "this code is never reached" (for optimization) if (false) unreachable();
static_assert Upgraded from macro to real keyword static_assert(sizeof(int) == 4);

Main Library Additions

  • New headers: <stdbit.h> (bit operations like popcount), <stdckdint.h> (checked integer arithmetic with overflow detection)
  • UTF-8 support: char8_t type, mbrtoc8(), c8rtomb()
  • Decimal floating point: _Decimal32/64/128 (IEEE 754-2008 compliant)
  • Safer functions: memset＿explicit() (guaranteed zeroing), bounds-checking string functions (strncpy_s etc.)
  • Time: timespec_getres() (nanosecond resolution support)
  • Deprecated/removed: Deprecation of subnormal number macros, restrictions for safer old realloc behavior

Compiler Support Status

  • GCC 15+, Clang 16+ → mostly complete support
  • MSVC, Apple Clang → supported but many features missing (especially MSVC is quite weak)

Main New Features of C++23

Built on the modules and concepts of C++20, with focus on usability, performance, and safety improvements.

Feature name Description Example
Explicit this member function Explicit this parameter, cleaner CRTP auto add(auto &self, int x) -> auto & { return self + x; }
Multidimensional subscript Allows a[i,j]-style comma-separated indexing struct Mat { auto operator[](std::sizet i, std::sizet j) {} };
static operator[] Callable on static member functions struct S { static auto operator[](this S self) {} };
Lambda simplifications No empty () needed, attributes on call operator allowed auto lam = [](int x) { return x * 2; }
Implicit move fixes More consistent prvalue/xvalue behavior in ranges & for-loops Fewer bindings of temporaries
#elifdef / #elifndef Preprocessor conditions borrowed from C23 #ifdef(FOO) #elifdef(BAR) #endif
Non-literal constexpr Variables, labels, goto allowed in constexpr (with runtime eval) constexpr void foo() { int x = 1; if (x) goto label; label : }
Unicode improvements Better wide string handling etc. Improved std::wstring handling

Main Library Additions

  • Ranges enhancements (find_last, contains, fold algorithms, move-only views, std::span::ssize())
  • std::expected (monadic error handling)
  • std::mdspan (multidimensional array view)
  • std::print / std::println (safe formatted output, synchronized output)
  • Enhanced std::format
  • std::flat＿map / std::flat_set (cache-friendly vector-based containers)
  • import std; (import entire standard library at once – faster compilation)
  • Others: std::stacktrace, std::byteswap, atomic_ref, etc.

Compiler Support Status

  • GCC 14+, Clang 17+, MSVC 2022+

C23 code example

#if __has_include(<stdio.h>)
#include <stdio.h>
#else
#error "<stdio.h>を見つけられません。"
#endif

int main(void) {
  auto nrgb = nullptr;
  auto rgb = 0b1010;
  printf("rgb: %d\n", rgb); // 10

  constexpr float r = 23.5f;
  constexpr float g = 54.f;
  constexpr float b = r * g;
  printf("B: %.02f\n", b); // 1269.00

  printf("true: %d\n", true); // 1

  return 0;
}

$ cc -std=c23 c23.c -o c23
$ ./c23
rgb: 10
B: 1269.00
true: 1
$ ls -thal c23
-rwxr-xr-x  1 suwako suwako   10K 11月 12 16:21 c23
$ strip c23
$ objdump -M intel -d c23 | less
$ ls -thal c23
-rwxr-xr-x  1 suwako suwako  4.7K 11月 12 16:37 c23
$ objdump -M intel -d c23 | less
  2016d0: 55                            push    rbp
  2016d1: 48 89 e5                      mov     rbp, rsp
  2016d4: 48 83 ec 20                   sub     rsp, 0x20
  2016d8: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00          mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x4], 0x0
  2016df: 48 c7 45 f0 00 00 00 00       mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x10], 0x0
  2016e7: c7 45 ec 0a 00 00 00          mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x14], 0xa
  2016ee: 8b 75 ec                      mov     esi, dword ptr [rbp - 0x14]
  2016f1: 48 bf d9 04 20 00 00 00 00 00 movabs  rdi, 0x2004d9
  2016fb: b0 00                         mov     al, 0x0
  2016fd: e8 fe 00 00 00                call    0x201800 <printf@plt>
  201702: f3 0f 10 05 f6 ed ff ff       movss   xmm0, dword ptr [rip - 0x120a] # 0x200500
  20170a: f3 0f 11 45 e8                movss   dword ptr [rbp - 0x18], xmm0
  20170f: f3 0f 10 05 ed ed ff ff       movss   xmm0, dword ptr [rip - 0x1213] # 0x200504
  201717: f3 0f 11 45 e4                movss   dword ptr [rbp - 0x1c], xmm0
  20171c: f3 0f 10 05 e4 ed ff ff       movss   xmm0, dword ptr [rip - 0x121c] # 0x200508
  201724: f3 0f 11 45 e0                movss   dword ptr [rbp - 0x20], xmm0
  201729: 48 bf ec 04 20 00 00 00 00 00 movabs  rdi, 0x2004ec
  201733: f2 0f 10 05 bd ed ff ff       movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rip - 0x1243] # 0x2004f8
  20173b: b0 01                         mov     al, 0x1
  20173d: e8 be 00 00 00                call    0x201800 <printf@plt>
  201742: 48 bf e2 04 20 00 00 00 00 00 movabs  rdi, 0x2004e2
  20174c: be 01 00 00 00                mov     esi, 0x1
  201751: b0 00                         mov     al, 0x0
  201753: e8 a8 00 00 00                call    0x201800 <printf@plt>
  201758: 31 c0                         xor     eax, eax
  20175a: 48 83 c4 20                   add     rsp, 0x20
  20175e: 5d                            pop     rbp
  20175f: c3                            ret

C++23 code example

#include <print>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <string>
#include <numeric>

int main(void) {
  std::unordered_map<std::string, double> country_sizes = {
    {"アメリカ", 9833517},
    {"カナダ", 9984670},
    {"オーストラリア", 7692024},
    {"中国", 9596961},
    {"ポーランド", 312696},
  };

  constexpr double KM_TO_MI = 0.386102;

  const double total_km = std::accumulate(country_sizes.begin(), country_sizes.end(), 0.0, [](double sum, const auto &entry) { return sum + entry.second; });
  const double total_mi = total_km * KM_TO_MI;

  std::println("{:<15} | {:>15} | {:>15}", "国", "サイズ (km²)", "サイズ (mi²)");
  std::println("{:-<15}-+-{:-<15}-+-{:-<15}", "", "", "");

  for (const auto &[country, size_km] : country_sizes) {
    double size_mi = size_km * KM_TO_MI;
    std::println("{:<15} | {:>15.0f} | {:>15.2f}", country, size_km, size_mi);
  }

  std::println("{:-<15}-+-{:-<15}-+-{:-<15}", "", "", "");
  std::println("{:<15} | {:>15.0f} | {:>15.2f}", "合格", total_km, total_mi);

  return 0;
}

$ c++ -std=c++23 cpp23.cc -o cpp23
$ ./cpp23
国              |    サイズ (km²) |    サイズ (mi²)
----------------+-----------------+----------------
ポーランド      |          312696 |       120732.55
中国            |         9596961 |      3705405.84
オーストラリア  |         7692024 |      2969905.85
カナダ          |         9984670 |      3855101.06
アメリカ        |         9833517 |      3796740.58
----------------+-----------------+----------------
合格            |        37419868 |     14447885.87
$ ls -thal cpp23
-rwxr-xr-x  1 suwako suwako  377K 11月 12 16:32 cpp23
$ strip cpp23
$ ls -thal cpp23
-rwxr-xr-x  1 suwako suwako  185K 11月 12 16:39 cpp23
$ objdump -M intel -d cpp23 | less
  211790: 55                            push    rbp
  211791: 48 89 e5                      mov     rbp, rsp
  211794: 48 81 ec 30 02 00 00          sub     rsp, 0x230
  21179b: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00          mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x4], 0x0
  2117a2: 48 8d bd 20 ff ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0xe0]
  2117a9: 48 89 bd 18 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8], rdi
  2117b0: c7 85 14 ff ff ff 2d 0c 96 00 mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0xec], 0x960c2d
  2117ba: be bf 1a 20 00                mov     esi, 0x201abf
  2117bf: 48 8d 95 14 ff ff ff          lea     rdx, [rbp - 0xec]
  2117c6: e8 55 05 00 00                call    0x211d20 <.text+0x640>
  2117cb: eb 00                         jmp     0x2117cd <.text+0xed>
  2117cd: 48 8d bd 40 ff ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0xc0]
  2117d4: 48 89 bd 18 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8], rdi
  2117db: c7 85 00 ff ff ff 9e 5a 98 00 mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x100], 0x985a9e
  2117e5: be 39 1d 20 00                mov     esi, 0x201d39
  2117ea: 48 8d 95 00 ff ff ff          lea     rdx, [rbp - 0x100]
  2117f1: e8 7a 05 00 00                call    0x211d70 <.text+0x690>
  2117f6: eb 00                         jmp     0x2117f8 <.text+0x118>
  2117f8: 48 8d bd 60 ff ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0xa0]
  2117ff: 48 89 bd 18 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8], rdi
  211806: c7 85 fc fe ff ff f8 5e 75 00 mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x104], 0x755ef8
  211810: be 87 1d 20 00                mov     esi, 0x201d87
  211815: 48 8d 95 fc fe ff ff          lea     rdx, [rbp - 0x104]
  21181c: e8 9f 05 00 00                call    0x211dc0 <.text+0x6e0>
  211821: eb 00                         jmp     0x211823 <.text+0x143>
  211823: 48 8d 7d 80                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x80]
  211827: 48 89 bd 18 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8], rdi
  21182e: c7 85 f8 fe ff ff 21 70 92 00 mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x108], 0x927021
  211838: be e3 19 20 00                mov     esi, 0x2019e3
  21183d: 48 8d 95 f8 fe ff ff          lea     rdx, [rbp - 0x108]
  211844: e8 c7 05 00 00                call    0x211e10 <.text+0x730>
  211849: eb 00                         jmp     0x21184b <.text+0x16b>
  21184b: 48 8d 7d a0                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x60]
  21184f: 48 89 bd 18 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8], rdi
  211856: c7 85 f4 fe ff ff 78 c5 04 00 mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x10c], 0x4c578
  211860: be ff 1c 20 00                mov     esi, 0x201cff
  211865: 48 8d 95 f4 fe ff ff          lea     rdx, [rbp - 0x10c]
  21186c: e8 ef 05 00 00                call    0x211e60 <.text+0x780>
  211871: eb 00                         jmp     0x211873 <.text+0x193>
  211873: 48 8d 85 20 ff ff ff          lea     rax, [rbp - 0xe0]
  21187a: 48 89 45 c0                   mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x40], rax
  21187e: 48 c7 45 c8 05 00 00 00       mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x38], 0x5
  211886: 48 8b 75 c0                   mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x40]
  21188a: 48 8b 55 c8                   mov     rdx, qword ptr [rbp - 0x38]
  21188e: 48 8d 7d d0                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x30]
  211892: e8 39 06 00 00                call    0x211ed0 <.text+0x7f0>
  211897: eb 00                         jmp     0x211899 <.text+0x1b9>
  211899: 48 8d 85 20 ff ff ff          lea     rax, [rbp - 0xe0]
  2118a0: 48 89 85 28 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1d8], rax
  2118a7: 48 05 a0 00 00 00             add     rax, 0xa0
  2118ad: 48 89 85 30 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1d0], rax
  2118b4: 48 8b bd 30 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1d0]
  2118bb: 48 83 c7 e0                   add     rdi, -0x20
  2118bf: 48 89 bd 20 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1e0], rdi
  2118c6: e8 e5 05 00 00                call    0x211eb0 <.text+0x7d0>
  2118cb: 48 8b 8d 28 fe ff ff          mov     rcx, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1d8]
  2118d2: 48 8b 85 20 fe ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1e0]
  2118d9: 48 39 c8                      cmp     rax, rcx
  2118dc: 48 89 85 30 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1d0], rax
  2118e3: 75 cf                         jne     0x2118b4 <.text+0x1d4>
  2118e5: 48 b8 6d e4 ba 29 e5 b5 d8 3f movabs  rax, 0x3fd8b5e529bae46d
  2118ef: 48 89 85 e8 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x118], rax
  2118f6: 48 8d 7d d0                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x30]
  2118fa: 48 89 bd 10 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1f0], rdi
  211901: e8 4a 06 00 00                call    0x211f50 <.text+0x870>
  211906: 48 8b bd 10 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1f0]
  21190d: 48 89 85 d8 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x128], rax
  211914: e8 67 06 00 00                call    0x211f80 <.text+0x8a0>
  211919: 48 89 85 d0 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x130], rax
  211920: 48 8b bd d8 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x128]
  211927: 48 8b b5 d0 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x130]
  21192e: 0f 57 c0                      xorps   xmm0, xmm0
  211931: e8 4a 03 00 00                call    0x211c80 <.text+0x5a0>
  211936: f2 0f 11 85 18 fe ff ff       movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x1e8], xmm0
  21193e: eb 00                         jmp     0x211940 <.text+0x260>
  211940: f2 0f 10 85 18 fe ff ff       movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1e8]
  211948: f2 0f 11 85 e0 fe ff ff       movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x120], xmm0
  211950: f2 0f 10 85 e0 fe ff ff       movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rbp - 0x120]
  211958: f2 0f 10 0d 00 07 ff ff       movsd   xmm1, qword ptr [rip - 0xf900] # 0x202060
  211960: f2 0f 59 c1                   mulsd   xmm0, xmm1
  211964: f2 0f 11 85 c0 fe ff ff       movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x140], xmm0
  21196c: 48 c7 85 b8 fe ff ff 18 00 00 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x148], 0x18
  211977: 48 c7 85 b0 fe ff ff 41 1a 20 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x150], 0x201a41
  211982: 48 8b bd b0 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x150]
  211989: 48 8b b5 b8 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x148]
  211990: ba b5 19 20 00                mov     edx, 0x2019b5
  211995: b9 58 1d 20 00                mov     ecx, 0x201d58
  21199a: 41 b8 69 1d 20 00             mov     r8d, 0x201d69
  2119a0: e8 0b 06 00 00                call    0x211fb0 <.text+0x8d0>
  2119a5: eb 00                         jmp     0x2119a7 <.text+0x2c7>
  2119a7: 48 c7 85 a8 fe ff ff 1b 00 00 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x158], 0x1b
  2119b2: 48 c7 85 a0 fe ff ff b9 19 20 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x160], 0x2019b9
  2119bd: 48 8b bd a0 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x160]
  2119c4: 48 8b b5 a8 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x158]
  2119cb: 41 b8 8c 1a 20 00             mov     r8d, 0x201a8c
  2119d1: 4c 89 c2                      mov     rdx, r8
  2119d4: 4c 89 c1                      mov     rcx, r8
  2119d7: e8 34 06 00 00                call    0x212010 <.text+0x930>
  2119dc: eb 00                         jmp     0x2119de <.text+0x2fe>
  2119de: 48 8d 45 d0                   lea     rax, [rbp - 0x30]
  2119e2: 48 89 85 98 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x168], rax
  2119e9: 48 8b bd 98 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x168]
  2119f0: e8 5b 05 00 00                call    0x211f50 <.text+0x870>
  2119f5: 48 89 85 90 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x170], rax
  2119fc: 48 8b bd 98 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x168]
  211a03: e8 78 05 00 00                call    0x211f80 <.text+0x8a0>
  211a08: 48 89 85 88 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x178], rax
  211a0f: 48 8d bd 90 fe ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x170]
  211a16: 48 8d b5 88 fe ff ff          lea     rsi, [rbp - 0x178]
  211a1d: e8 4e 06 00 00                call    0x212070 <.text+0x990>
  211a22: 88 85 0f fe ff ff             mov     byte ptr [rbp - 0x1f1], al
  211a28: eb 00                         jmp     0x211a2a <.text+0x34a>
  211a2a: 8a 85 0f fe ff ff             mov     al, byte ptr [rbp - 0x1f1]
  211a30: 34 ff                         xor     al, -0x1
  211a32: a8 01                         test    al, 0x1
  211a34: 75 05                         jne     0x211a3b <.text+0x35b>
  211a36: e9 a2 01 00 00                jmp     0x211bdd <.text+0x4fd>
  211a3b: 48 8d bd 90 fe ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x170]
  211a42: e8 59 06 00 00                call    0x2120a0 <.text+0x9c0>
  211a47: 48 89 85 00 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x200], rax
  211a4e: eb 00                         jmp     0x211a50 <.text+0x370>
  211a50: 48 8b 85 00 fe ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0x200]
  211a57: 48 89 85 80 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x180], rax
  211a5e: 48 8b bd 80 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x180]
  211a65: e8 66 06 00 00                call    0x2120d0 <.text+0x9f0>
  211a6a: 48 89 85 78 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x188], rax
  211a71: 48 8b bd 80 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x180]
  211a78: e8 73 06 00 00                call    0x2120f0 <.text+0xa10>
  211a7d: 48 89 85 70 fe ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x190], rax
  211a84: 48 8b 85 70 fe ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0x190]
  211a8b: f2 0f 10 00                   movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rax]
  211a8f: f2 0f 10 0d c9 05 ff ff       movsd   xmm1, qword ptr [rip - 0xfa37] # 0x202060
  211a97: f2 0f 59 c1                   mulsd   xmm0, xmm1
  211a9b: f2 0f 11 85 68 fe ff ff       movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x198], xmm0
  211aa3: 48 c7 85 60 fe ff ff 1e 00 00 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1a0], 0x1e
  211aae: 48 c7 85 58 fe ff ff 4c 1b 20 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1a8], 0x201b4c
  211ab9: 48 8b 95 78 fe ff ff          mov     rdx, qword ptr [rbp - 0x188]
  211ac0: 48 8b 8d 70 fe ff ff          mov     rcx, qword ptr [rbp - 0x190]
  211ac7: 48 8b bd 58 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1a8]
  211ace: 48 8b b5 60 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1a0]
  211ad5: 4c 8d 85 68 fe ff ff          lea     r8, [rbp - 0x198]
  211adc: e8 2f 06 00 00                call    0x212110 <.text+0xa30>
  211ae1: eb 00                         jmp     0x211ae3 <.text+0x403>
  211ae3: eb 00                         jmp     0x211ae5 <.text+0x405>
  211ae5: 48 8d bd 90 fe ff ff          lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x170]
  211aec: e8 7f 06 00 00                call    0x212170 <.text+0xa90>
  211af1: eb 00                         jmp     0x211af3 <.text+0x413>
  211af3: e9 17 ff ff ff                jmp     0x211a0f <.text+0x32f>
  211af8: 48 89 c1                      mov     rcx, rax
  211afb: 89 d0                         mov     eax, edx
  211afd: 48 89 8d 08 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xf8], rcx
  211b04: 89 85 04 ff ff ff             mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0xfc], eax
  211b0a: 48 8b 85 18 ff ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0xe8]
  211b11: 48 8d 8d 20 ff ff ff          lea     rcx, [rbp - 0xe0]
  211b18: 48 39 c1                      cmp     rcx, rax
  211b1b: 48 89 85 f8 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x208], rax
  211b22: 74 31                         je      0x211b55 <.text+0x475>
  211b24: 48 8b bd f8 fd ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x208]
  211b2b: 48 83 c7 e0                   add     rdi, -0x20
  211b2f: 48 89 bd f0 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x210], rdi
  211b36: e8 75 03 00 00                call    0x211eb0 <.text+0x7d0>
  211b3b: 48 8b 85 f0 fd ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0x210]
  211b42: 48 8d 8d 20 ff ff ff          lea     rcx, [rbp - 0xe0]
  211b49: 48 39 c8                      cmp     rax, rcx
  211b4c: 48 89 85 f8 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x208], rax
  211b53: 75 cf                         jne     0x211b24 <.text+0x444>
  211b55: e9 14 01 00 00                jmp     0x211c6e <.text+0x58e>
  211b5a: 48 89 c1                      mov     rcx, rax
  211b5d: 89 d0                         mov     eax, edx
  211b5f: 48 89 8d 08 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xf8], rcx
  211b66: 89 85 04 ff ff ff             mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0xfc], eax
  211b6c: 48 8d 85 20 ff ff ff          lea     rax, [rbp - 0xe0]
  211b73: 48 89 85 e0 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x220], rax
  211b7a: 48 05 a0 00 00 00             add     rax, 0xa0
  211b80: 48 89 85 e8 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x218], rax
  211b87: 48 8b bd e8 fd ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x218]
  211b8e: 48 83 c7 e0                   add     rdi, -0x20
  211b92: 48 89 bd d8 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x228], rdi
  211b99: e8 12 03 00 00                call    0x211eb0 <.text+0x7d0>
  211b9e: 48 8b 8d e0 fd ff ff          mov     rcx, qword ptr [rbp - 0x220]
  211ba5: 48 8b 85 d8 fd ff ff          mov     rax, qword ptr [rbp - 0x228]
  211bac: 48 39 c8                      cmp     rax, rcx
  211baf: 48 89 85 e8 fd ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x218], rax
  211bb6: 75 cf                         jne     0x211b87 <.text+0x4a7>
  211bb8: e9 b1 00 00 00                jmp     0x211c6e <.text+0x58e>
  211bbd: 48 89 c1                      mov     rcx, rax
  211bc0: 89 d0                         mov     eax, edx
  211bc2: 48 89 8d 08 ff ff ff          mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0xf8], rcx
  211bc9: 89 85 04 ff ff ff             mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0xfc], eax
  211bcf: 48 8d 7d d0                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x30]
  211bd3: e8 28 06 00 00                call    0x212200 <.text+0xb20>
  211bd8: e9 91 00 00 00                jmp     0x211c6e <.text+0x58e>
  211bdd: 48 c7 85 50 fe ff ff 1b 00 00 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1b0], 0x1b
  211be8: 48 c7 85 48 fe ff ff b9 19 20 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1b8], 0x2019b9
  211bf3: 48 8b bd 48 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1b8]
  211bfa: 48 8b b5 50 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1b0]
  211c01: 41 b8 8c 1a 20 00             mov     r8d, 0x201a8c
  211c07: 4c 89 c2                      mov     rdx, r8
  211c0a: 4c 89 c1                      mov     rcx, r8
  211c0d: e8 fe 03 00 00                call    0x212010 <.text+0x930>
  211c12: eb 00                         jmp     0x211c14 <.text+0x534>
  211c14: 48 c7 85 40 fe ff ff 1e 00 00 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1c0], 0x1e
  211c1f: 48 c7 85 38 fe ff ff 4c 1b 20 00      mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x1c8], 0x201b4c
  211c2a: 48 8b bd 38 fe ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1c8]
  211c31: 48 8b b5 40 fe ff ff          mov     rsi, qword ptr [rbp - 0x1c0]
  211c38: ba cc 1a 20 00                mov     edx, 0x201acc
  211c3d: 48 8d 8d e0 fe ff ff          lea     rcx, [rbp - 0x120]
  211c44: 4c 8d 85 c0 fe ff ff          lea     r8, [rbp - 0x140]
  211c4b: e8 50 05 00 00                call    0x2121a0 <.text+0xac0>
  211c50: eb 00                         jmp     0x211c52 <.text+0x572>
  211c52: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00          mov     dword ptr [rbp - 0x4], 0x0
  211c59: 48 8d 7d d0                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x30]
  211c5d: e8 9e 05 00 00                call    0x212200 <.text+0xb20>
  211c62: 8b 45 fc                      mov     eax, dword ptr [rbp - 0x4]
  211c65: 48 81 c4 30 02 00 00          add     rsp, 0x230
  211c6c: 5d                            pop     rbp
  211c6d: c3                            ret
  211c6e: 48 8b bd 08 ff ff ff          mov     rdi, qword ptr [rbp - 0xf8]
  211c75: e8 d6 c5 01 00                call    0x22e250 <_Unwind_Resume@plt>
  211c7a: 66 0f 1f 44 00 00             nop     word ptr [rax + rax]
  211c80: 55                            push    rbp
  211c81: 48 89 e5                      mov     rbp, rsp
  211c84: 48 83 ec 30                   sub     rsp, 0x30
  211c88: 48 89 7d f8                   mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x8], rdi
  211c8c: 48 89 75 f0                   mov     qword ptr [rbp - 0x10], rsi
  211c90: f2 0f 11 45 e0                movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x20], xmm0
  211c95: 48 8d 7d f8                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x8]
  211c99: 48 8d 75 f0                   lea     rsi, [rbp - 0x10]
  211c9d: e8 ce 03 00 00                call    0x212070 <.text+0x990>
  211ca2: 34 ff                         xor     al, -0x1
  211ca4: a8 01                         test    al, 0x1
  211ca6: 75 02                         jne     0x211caa <.text+0x5ca>
  211ca8: eb 34                         jmp     0x211cde <.text+0x5fe>
  211caa: f2 0f 10 45 e0                movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rbp - 0x20]
  211caf: f2 0f 11 45 d8                movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x28], xmm0
  211cb4: 48 8d 7d f8                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x8]
  211cb8: e8 e3 03 00 00                call    0x2120a0 <.text+0x9c0>
  211cbd: f2 0f 10 45 d8                movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rbp - 0x28]
  211cc2: 48 89 c6                      mov     rsi, rax
  211cc5: 48 8d 7d ef                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x11]
  211cc9: e8 22 00 00 00                call    0x211cf0 <.text+0x610>
  211cce: f2 0f 11 45 e0                movsd   qword ptr [rbp - 0x20], xmm0
  211cd3: 48 8d 7d f8                   lea     rdi, [rbp - 0x8]
  211cd7: e8 94 04 00 00                call    0x212170 <.text+0xa90>
  211cdc: eb b7                         jmp     0x211c95 <.text+0x5b5>
  211cde: f2 0f 10 45 e0                movsd   xmm0, qword ptr [rbp - 0x20]
  211ce3: 48 83 c4 30                   add     rsp, 0x30
  211ce7: 5d                            pop     rbp
  211ce8: c3                            ret

The Future of C and C++

Both C23 and C++23 were officially published on October 31, 2024 (both were delayed).
Work on the next standards (C2Y for C, C++2c or C++26 for C++) began almost immediately afterward.

While C++ has maintained a roughly 3-year cycle since 2011 (C++11→14→17→20→23), C has followed a 6-year cycle since 2011 (C11→C17→C23), and since C17 was mostly bug fixes, it appears to be progressing at a very relaxed pace.

Looking Ahead

This blog was not originally intended to be a deep dive into programming languages,but over the past year it has repeatedly covered C, C++, assembly, and Vulkan so much that it has somehow turned into something like a "C・C++・Assembly・Vulkan specialized site" — which I happily accept.
Going forward, I plan to cover GLSL as well (especially Vulkan-oriented GLSL).

Since GLSL has slightly different specifications depending on whether it's for OpenGL, GLES, WebGL, or Vulkan, it can be a bit tricky,but I intend to focus mainly on Vulkan-style GLSL, which aligns with the direction the game industry is heading.

While it's possible to cover all of systems programming,I have almost no practical experience with Zig and literally zero with Rust in real projects, so I don't think it's appropriate to deeply cover languages I don't know well.
On the other hand, while I have used Go and PHP quite extensively in the past (this blog itself is written in PHP, and I've released several Go-based products), they are more web-development-oriented languages, and having worked in web development for 18 years, I'm completely burned out on that field and have no plans to cover them.

Of course, when C++26 (and most likely C26, though not yet confirmed) are released, I plan to cover those as well.

That's all